![]() Material imbalances: if a player’s total remaining piece values are greater than his opponent’s, then he has an advantage. ![]() King safety: it is easier to threaten checkmate to a king not surrounded by allied pieces than to a king hidden behind a fortress of pawns.Piece development: a player who has moved more pieces out of their initial positions than his opponent will have an advantage for the rest of the game.Center control: the player who has best controlled the center (especially the four center squares), i.e., having the most pieces aimed at or on the center, gets a more advantageous position.Some concepts derived from human chess theory studies are part of chess engine algorithms. The four most successful AIs are Stockfish, Houdini, Komodo, and LeelaChessZero. Their level is now largely superior to that of the best human players. Today there are many chess engines/IAs, the best of which even participate in championships between computers – the most famous being the World Computer Chess Championship and the Top Chess Engine Championship. It was from this match that human superiority in chess began to be threatened. Artificial intelligence in chess was brought to the forefront in 1997 when Kasparov, who was then the world chess champion and one of the best players of all time, lost to IBM’s Deep Blue AI. The complexity of solving this game can easily be seen by determining the number of unique games that can be played: 10 120 (a 1 followed by 120 zeros), which is an inconceivable number, considering that the estimated number of atoms in the universe is “only” 10 80…Ĭhess programs are one of the oldest fields of artificial intelligence (AI), having started in the early 1930s, but only recently overtaking humans in this game. A solved game is a game for which the outcome (win, loss, or draw) can be correctly predicted from any position, assuming that both players play perfectly. The game of chess, dating from the 15th century with the current rules, is so complex that the game is not solved and may never be solved. It is therefore natural to ask this question: will artificial intelligence soon put an end to human chess tournaments? This article answers this question by analyzing in depth the recent evolution of artificial intelligence in chess thanks to neural network algorithms that can still be improved. Their level is now largely superior to the best human players. Today, we notice that some chess engines/IA, including the best, participate in championships between computers – the most famous being the World Computer Chess Championship and the Top Chess Engine Championship.
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